Turkish Lessons

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Daily Turkish Lessons For You All

Day 1

Alphabet

Turkish alphabet consists of 29 letters - 8 vowels and 21 consonants.

Each letter has exactly one associated sound which never changes.

Three letters of the English alphabet are missing in the Turkish alphabet.

(Q-q)
(W-w)
(X-x)

There are six additional characters not found in the English alphabet.

(Ç-ç)
(Ğ-ğ)
(I-ı)
(İ-i)
(Ö-ö)
(Ş-ş)
(Ü-ü)

The letters of the Turkish alphabet and the sounds associated with them.

Letter Pronunciation A, a like the a in car B, b like the b in bet C, c like the g in gender Ç, ç like the ch in chance D, d like the d in debt E, e like the e in less F, f like the f in felony G, g like the g in game Ğ, ğ this is a very weak sound, not pronouncing at all will be ok H, h like the h in hello I, ı like the e in halted İ, i like the ee in keen J, j like the ge in garage K, k like the k in kelly L, l like the l in lamb M, m like the m in man N, n like the n in neighbour O, o like the a in ball Ö, ö like the u in urge P, p like the p in pen R, r like the r in rent S, s like the s in send Ş, ş like the sh in shed T, t like the t in tennis U, u like the oo in good Ü, ü like the u in nude V, v like the v in vent Y, y like the y in yes Z, z like the z in zen

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Daily Turkish Lessons For You All

Day 2

Numbers

0 ......sıfır
1 ......bir
2 ......iki
3 ......üç
4 ......dört
5 ......beş
6 ......altı
7 ......yedi
8 ......sekiz
9 ......dokuz
10 ....on
11 ....on bir
12 ....on iki
13 ....on üç
14 ....on dört
15 ....on beş
16 ....on altı
17 ....on yedi
18 ....on sekiz
19 ....on dokuz
20 ....yirmi
21 ....yirmi bir
22 .... yirmi iki

30 ....otuz
40 ....kırk
50 ....elli
60 ....altmış
70 ....yetmiş
80 ....seksen
90 ....doksan
100 ..yüz

135 ..yüz otuz beş
147 ..yüz kırk yedi
173 ..yüz yetmis üç

200 ..iki yüz
300 ..üç yüz

1,000 ..bin
2,000 ..iki bin

10,000 ..on bin
25,000 ..yirmi beş bin

1,000,000 ..bir milyon


1st ......birinci
2nd .....ikinci
3rd ......üçüncü
4th ......dördüncü
5th ......beşinci
6th ......altıncı
7th ......yedinci

10th ....onuncu

25th ....yirmi beşinci

50th ....ellinci

1.5 .....bir buçuk
2.5 .....iki buçuk

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Date and Time

Time

What time is it? ..........Saat kaç?
It is ten o'clock. .........Saat on (10).
It is five past ten. .......Saat onu (10) beş (5) geçiyor.
It is five past five. .......Saat beşi (5) beş (5) geçiyor.
It is five past six. ........Saat altıyı (6) beş (5) geçiyor.
It is five past three. ....Saat üçü (3) beş (5) geçiyor.
It is quarter past ten....Saat onu (10) çeyrek (quarter) geçiyor.
It is ten twenty. .........Saat onu (10) yirmi (20) geçiyor.
It is half past ten. .......Saat on (10) buçuk (half).
It is ten thirty five. ......Saat on bire (11) yirmi beş (25) var.
It is ten forty. ............Saat on bire (11) yirmi (20) var.
It is quarter to eleven. ..Saat on bire (11) çeyrek (quarter) var.
It is ten to eleven. ........Saat on bire (11) on (10) var.
It is eleven. .................Saat on bir (11).


Date

English Turkish

Days of the week
Sunday ...........Pazar
Monday ...........Pazartesi
Tuesday ..........Salı
Wednesday .......Çarşamba
Thursday .........Perşembe
Friday ............Cuma
Saturday .........Cumartesi


Months
January ..........Ocak
February .........Şubat
March ............Mart
April ..............Nisan
May ..............Mayıs
June .............Haziran
July .............Temmuz
August ...........Ağustos
September ........Eylül
October ...........Ekim
November ........Kasım
December ........Aralık

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Day 4

Pronouns

Personal Pronouns

Here are the Turkish translations of the personal pronouns. However, these pronouns are generally omitted in sentences since person is implied in the adjectives or the verbs in sentences. They are often used to stress the person.

i ben i am adjective ben adjective-im

you sen you are adjective sen adjective-sin

he he

she o she is adjective o adjective

it it

we biz we are adjective biz adjective-iz

you siz you are adjective siz adjective-siniz

they onlar they are adjective onlar adjective-ler

güzel --> beautiful

I am beautiful. --> Ben güzel-im. --> Güzelim. (Personal pronoun is implied)

You are beautiful. --> Sen güzel-sin. --> Güzelsin.

He/she/it is beautiful. --> O güzel. --> Güzel.

We are beautiful. --> Biz güzel-iz. --> Güzeliz.

You are beautiful. --> Siz güzel-siniz. --> Güzelsiniz.

They are beautiful. --> Onlar güzel-ler. --> Güzeller.



kötü --> bad

I am bad. --> Ben kötü-y-üm. --> Kötüyüm. (Note how kötü and -üm are connected with the fusion consonant 'y'.)

You are bad. --> Sen kötü-sün. --> Kötüsün.

He/she/it is bad. --> O kötü. --> Kötü.

We are bad. --> Biz kötü-y-üz. --> Kötüyüz.

You are bad. --> Siz kötü-siniz. --> Kötüsünüz.

They are bad. --> Onlar kötü-ler. --> Kötüler.



geliyor --> coming (present continuous tense)

I am coming. --> Ben geliyor-um. --> Geliyorum.

You are coming. --> Sen geliyor-sun. --> Geliyorsun.

He/she/it is coming. --> O geliyor. --> Geliyor.

We are coming. --> Biz geliyor-uz. --> Geliyoruz.

You are coming. --> Siz geliyor-sunuz. --> Geliyorsunuz.

They are coming. --> Onlar geliyor-lar. --> Geliyorlar.


For nouns other than these pronouns, you must use the third person case.

Marzena is beautiful. --> Marzena güzel.

Marzena is very beautiful. --> Marzena çok güzel.

Joe is bad. --> Joe kötü.

Joe is coming. --> Joe geliyor.

Demonstrative pronouns

These are the pronouns used for obects instead of people.

this bu

that (between this and that) şu

that o

these bunlar

those (between these and those) şunlar

those onlar

kitap --> book

Bu bir kitap. --> This is a book.

Şu bir kitap. --> That is a book.

O bir kitap. --> That is a book.

Bunlar kitaplar. --> These are books.

Şunlar kitaplar. --> Those are books.

Onlar kitaplar. --> Those are books.


Possessive Pronouns

Personal posessive pronouns:

my ben-im my noun ben-im noun-im

your sen-in your noun sen-in noun-in

his his \

her o-n-un her | noun o-n-un noun-i

its its /

our biz-im our noun biz-im noun-imiz

your siz-in your noun siz-in noun-iniz

their onlar-ın their noun onlar-ın noun-leri

Notice his/her/its is o-n-un instead of o-un. Since two vowels don't come together in Turkish, one fusion consonant is added in between. It is 'n' in this case. Either a fusion consonant is added in between, or one of the vowels is dropped whenever a vowel is followed by another vowel.



ev --> house

my house --> ben-im ev-im --> evim (personal pronoun is implied)

your house --> sen-in ev-in --> evin

his/her/its house --> o-n-in ev-i --> onun evi --> evi

our house --> biz-im ev-imiz --> evimiz

your house --> siz-in ev-iniz --> eviniz

their house --> onlar-ın ev-leri --> evleri



araba --> car

my car --> ben-im araba-m --> arabam (the suffix -im becomes -m when added after a vowel, since two vowels don't come together in Turkish)

your car --> sen-in araba-n --> araban

his/her/its car --> o-n-in araba-s-ı --> onun arabası --> arabası (Instead of dropping one vowel, here the fusion consonant 's' is added between vowels since the suffix is only a single vowel.)

our car --> biz-im araba-mız --> arabamız

your car --> siz-in araba-nız --> arabanız

their car --> onlar-ın araba-ları --> arabaları



For nouns other than these pronouns, always the third person form is used.

Gizem's house --> Gizem'in evi

Gizem's car --> Gizem'in arabası

My mother's house --> Annemin evi

Demonstartive posessive pronouns:

of this bu-n-un

of that (between this and that) şu-n-un

of that o-n-un

of these bunlar-ın

of those (between these and those) şunlar-ın

of those onlar-ın

Bunun evi --> The house of this

Şunun evi --> The house of that

Onun evi --> The house of that

Bunların evleri --> The house of these.

Şunların evleri --> The house of those.

Onların evleri --> The house of those.



For nouns other than these pronouns, always the third person form is used.

The room of the house --> Evin odası

Cat's food --> Kedinin yemeği


Reflexive Pronouns

The way reflexive pronouns are constructed in Turkish is very similar to the way we do it in English. The Turkish word for self is kendi. The reflexive pronouns hence are as follows:

myself kendi-im kendim

yourself kendi-in kendin

himself

herself kendi-si kendisi

itself

ourselves kendi-imiz kendimiz

yourselves kendi-iniz kendiniz

themselves kendi-leri kendileri

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Day 5

Pronouns Part 2

There are also other pronouns used for many different situations, like everybody, nothing...

English Turkish

Basic components of these pronouns

every ................her
thing .................şey
none ................hiç
any .................herhangibir
one, a ................bir
some ................bazı
all ....................bütün

Pronouns

everything ........herşey
something .........birşey (singular)
something................birşeyler (plural)
nothing ...........hiçbir şey
anything ...........herhangibir şey
everybody .........herkes
somebody ........birisi (singular)
somebody ...........birileri (plural)
nobody ..................hiç kimse
anybody .........herhangi birisi
all of these ...........(bunların) hepsi
all of those ...........(onların) hepsi
all of us ..............hepimiz
all of you .............hepiniz
none of these .........(bunların) hiçbiri
none of those .........(onların) hiçbiri
none of us ............hiçbirimiz
none of you ...........hiçbiriniz
some of these ..........(bunların) bazıları
some of those ..........(onların) bazıları
some of us ............bazılarımız
some of you ...........bazılarınız

In English, some of these pronouns that have negative meanings are used in positive sentences. For example,

There is nobody here. (Instead of there isn't nobody here)

In Turkish, you never do this. If the meaning of a pronoun is negative, it must always be used in a negative sentence. Similarly, pronouns with positive meanings must always be used in positive sentences.

There is nobody here. --> Burada hiçkimse yok.


Some of these pronouns in sentences:



Every flower does not smell. --> Her çiçek kokmaz.

What is this thing? --> Bu şey ne?

There is none left. --> Hiç kalmadı.

Some students are here. --> Bazı öğrenciler burada.

All students are here. --> Bütün öğrenciler burada.

Everything's ok. --> Herşey yolunda.

Everything is here. --> Herşey burada.

Ask something. --> Birşey sor.

I saw nothing. --> Hiçbir şey görmedim.

Is there anything? --> Herhangibir şey var mı?

Is everybody here? --> Herkes burada mı?

Somebody came. --> Birisi geldi.

Nobody came. --> Hiç kimse gelmedi.

Anybody can come. --> Herhangi birisi gelebilir.

All of these are mine. --> Bunların hepsi benim.